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The dominant model of the demand for
education is based on human capital theory. The central idea is that
undertaking education is investment in the acquisition of skills and
knowledge which will increase earnings, or provide long-term benefits
such as an appreciation of literature (sometimes referred to as cultural
capital). Studies from 1958 attempted to calculate the returns from
additional schooling. Later results attempted to allow for different
returns across persons or by level of education.
Statistics
have shown that countries with high enrollment/graduation rates have
grown faster than countries without. The United States has been the
world leader in educational advances, beginning with the high school
movement (1910-1950). When looking at correlations in the data,
education seems to generate economic growth, however, it could be that
we have this causality relationship backwards. We need to consider this
possibility. For example, if education is seen as a luxury good, it may
be that richer households are seeking out educational attainment as a
symbol of status, rather than the relationship of education leading to
wealth.
Educational advance is not the only variable for economic growth,
though, as it only explains about 14% of the average annual increase in
labor productivity over the period 1915-2005. From lack of a more
significant correlation between formal educational achievement and
productivity growth, some economists see reason to believe that in
today’s world many skills and capabilities come by way of learning
outside of tradition education, or outside of schooling altogether.
An alternative model of the demand for education, commonly referred to
as screening is based on the economic theory of signaling. The central
idea is that the successful completion of education is a signal of
ability. In most countries school education is predominantly financed and
provided by governments. Public funding and provision also plays a major
role in higher education. Although there is wide agreement on the
principle that education, at least at school level, should be financed
mainly by governments, there is considerable debate over the desirable
extent of public provision of education. Supporters of public education
argue that universal public provision promotes equality of opportunity
and social cohesion. Opponents of public provision advocate alternatives
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An education production functions is an application of the economic
concept of a production function to the field of education.
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It relates
various inputs affecting a student’s learning (schools, families, peers,
neighborhoods, etc.) to measured outputs including subsequent labor
market success, college attendance, graduation rates, and, most
frequently, standardized test scores.
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